![]() ![]() By July 1933 he was settled in Cambridge with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation. ![]() An admirer, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins at the University of Cambridge, immediately came to his rescue, and persuaded the university to recruit Krebs to work with him in the Department of Biochemistry. Krebs received his official dismissal from his job in April 1933, and his service was terminated on 1 July 1933. With the rise of Hitler's Nazi Party to power, Germany decreed the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which decreed the removal of all non-Germans, and anti-Nazis, from professional occupations. Krebs's life as a respected German scientist came to an abrupt halt in 1933 because of his Jewish ancestry. Together they also developed a complex aqueous solution (a buffer), or perfusion ex vivo, for studying blood flow in arteries, which is now called the Krebs–Henseleit buffer.) In 1932 he published the basic chemical reactions of urea cycle, which established his scientific reputation. It is now known as the urea cycle, and is sometimes also referred to as the Krebs–Henseleit cycle. Before a year was over at Freiburg, he, with research student Kurt Henseleit, published their discovery of the ornithine cycle of urea synthesis, which is the metabolic pathway for urea formation. At Freiburg he was in charge of about 40 patients, and was at liberty to do his own research. The next year he moved to the Medical Clinic of the University of Freiburg. After four years in 1930, with 16 publications to his credit, his mentor Warburg urged him to move on and he took up the position of Assistant in the Department of Medicine at the Municipal Hospital in Altona (now part of Hamburg). He was paid a modest 4800 marks per year. In 1926 Krebs joined Otto Heinrich Warburg as a research assistant at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Dahlem, Berlin. He earned his MD degree in 1925 from the University of Hamburg. In 1924 he studied at the Department of Chemistry at the Pathological Institute of the Charité Hospital, in Berlin, for training in chemistry and biochemistry. By then he had turned his professional goal from becoming a practising physician to becoming a medical researcher, particularly in biochemistry. To obtain a Doctor of Medicine degree, and a medical license, he spent one year at the Third Medical Clinic in the University of Berlin. He completed his medical course in December 1923. He did this work under the guidance of Wilhelm von Mollendorf starting it in 1920. In 1923 he published his first scientific paper on a tissue staining technique. In 1919 he transferred to the University of Freiburg. Krebs decided to follow his father's profession and entered the University of Göttingen in December 1918 to study medicine. With the end of the war two months later, his conscription ended. He was allowed to take an emergency examination for his high school diploma, which he passed with such a high score that he suspected the examiners of being "unduly lenient and sympathetic". Near the end of World War I, in September 1918, six months short of completing his secondary school education, he was conscripted into the Imperial German Army. Krebs attended the famous old Gymnasium Andreanum in his home town. He descended from Jewish-Silesian ancestry and was the middle of three children, older sister Elisabeth and younger brother Wolfgang. Krebs was born in Hildesheim, Germany, to Georg Krebs, an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, and Alma Krebs (née Davidson). Krebs died in 1981 in Oxford, where he had spent 13 years of his career from 1954 until his retirement in 1967 at the University of Oxford. With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi. The former, often eponymously known as the "Krebs cycle", is the key sequence of metabolic reactions that provides energy in the cells of humans and other oxygen-respiring organisms and its discovery earned Krebs a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953. He is best known for his discoveries of two important sequences of chemical reactions that take place in the cells of humans and many other organisms, namely the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. He was a pioneer scientist in the study of cellular respiration, a biochemical process in living cells that extracts energy from food and oxygen and makes it available to drive the processes of life. Sir Hans Adolf Krebs ( / k r ɛ b z, k r ɛ p s/ 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a German-born British biologist, physician and biochemist. ![]()
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